Diff for "pics"

Pictures drawn by Sage

These pictures and images were drawn by Sage.

• Everywhere continuous, nowhere differentiable function (in the infinite limit, anyway):

p = Graphics()
for n in range(1,20):
  f = lambda x: sum([sin(x*3^i)/(2^i) for i in range(1,n)])
  p += plot(f,0,float(pi/3),plot_points=2000,rgbcolor=hue(n/20))

p.show(xmin=0, ymin=0,dpi=250)

cool pic 1

• Mirrored balls in tachyon:

t = Tachyon(camera_center=(8.5,5,5.5), look_at=(2,0,0), raydepth=6, xres=1500, yres=1500)
t.light((10,3,4), 1, (1,1,1))
t.texture('mirror', ambient=0.05, diffuse=0.05, specular=.9, opacity=0.9, color=(.8,.8,.8))
t.texture('grey', color=(.8,.8,.8), texfunc=7) ## try other values of texfunc too!
t.plane((0,0,0),(0,0,1),'grey')
t.sphere((4,-1,1), 1, 'mirror')
t.sphere((0,-1,1), 1, 'mirror')
t.sphere((2,-1,1), 0.5, 'mirror')
t.sphere((2,1,1), 0.5, 'mirror')
show(t)

cool ray tracing pic

• Math art by Tom Boothby:

# Author: Tom Boothby
# This is a remake of an old art piece I made in POVRay


t = Tachyon(xres=1000,yres=600, camera_center=(1,0,5), antialiasing=3)
t.light((4,3,2), 0.2, (1,1,1))
t.texture('t0', ambient=0.1, diffuse=0.9, specular=0.5, opacity=1.0, color=(1.0,1,1))
t.texture('t1', ambient=0.5, diffuse=0.5, specular=0.0, opacity=1.0, color=(0,0,0))
t.texture('t2', ambient=0.2, diffuse=0.7, specular=0, opacity=0.7, color=(.5,.5,.5))
t.texture('t3', ambient=.9, diffuse=5, specular=0,opacity=.1, color=(1,0,0))
t.sphere((1,0,0), 30, 't2')



k=0
for i in srange(-pi*10,0,.01):
  k += 1
  t.sphere((cos(i/10)-.1, sin(i/10)*cos(i), sin(i/10)*sin(i)), 0.1, 't0')
  t.sphere((cos(i/10) + 2.1, sin(i/10)*cos(i), sin(i/10)*sin(i)), 0.1, 't1')

t.show(verbose=1)

cool pic 2

• Twisted cubic in tachyon:

t = Tachyon(xres=512,yres=512, camera_center=(5,0,0))
t.light((4,3,2), 0.2, (1,1,1))
t.texture('t0', ambient=0.1, diffuse=0.9, specular=0.5, opacity=1.0, color=(1.0,0,0))
t.texture('t1', ambient=0.1, diffuse=0.9, specular=0.3, opacity=1.0, color=(0,1.0,0))
t.texture('t2', ambient=0.2, diffuse=0.7, specular=0.5, opacity=0.7, color=(0,0,1.0))
k=0
for i in srange(-5,1.5,0.1):
    k += 1
    t.sphere((i,i^2-0.5,i^3), 0.1, 't%s'%(k%3))

t.show()

cool pic 3

• Reflections from four spheres in tachyon

t6 = Tachyon(camera_center=(0,-4,1), xres = 800, yres = 600, raydepth = 12, aspectratio=.75, antialiasing = True)
t6.light((0.02,0.012,0.001), 0.01, (1,0,0))
t6.light((0,0,10), 0.01, (0,0,1))
t6.texture('s', color = (.8,1,1), opacity = .9, specular = .95, diffuse = .3, ambient = 0.05)
t6.texture('p', color = (0,0,1), opacity = 1, specular = .2)
t6.sphere((-1,-.57735,-0.7071),1,'s')
t6.sphere((1,-.57735,-0.7071),1,'s')
t6.sphere((0,1.15465,-0.7071),1,'s')
t6.sphere((0,0,0.9259),1,'s')
t6.plane((0,0,-1.9259),(0,0,1),'p')
t6.show()

fourspheres.png

• A cone inside a sphere:

sage: u,v = var("u,v")
sage: p1 = parametric_plot3d([cos(u)*v, sin(u)*v, 3*v/2-1/3], (u, 0, 2*pi), (v, 0, 0.95),plot_points=[20,20])
sage: p2 = sphere((0,0,2/3), color='red', opacity=0.5, aspect_ratio=[1,1,1])
sage: show(p1+p2)

• A cylinder inside a cone:

sage: u,v = var("u,v")
sage: p1 = parametric_plot3d([cos(u)*v, sin(u)*v, 3/2-3*v/2], (u, 0, 2*pi), (v, 0, 1.5), opacity = 0.5, plot_points=[20,20])
sage: p2 = parametric_plot3d([cos(u)/2, sin(u)/2, v-3/4], (u, 0, 2*pi), (v, 0, 3/2), plot_points=[20,20])
sage: show(p1+p2)

• An animation by Dean Moore:

Hypotrochoid. Written by Dean Moore, February 2008

• Inspiration:

• But a Sage newbie & out to do projects & learn more, one day I was surfing Wikipedia and hit < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotrochoid >, saw the animated graph, and thought, ... "I bet I can make Sage do that." Never one to back from a challenge, I did it. A few mistakes & wrong turns, at times some strong language & threatening the computer with violence, a few questions to Sage support groups, but, I finally pounded out code that worked. I named it "Hypotrochoid," as animating this was the original inspiration, but the code easily animates other graphs. What this program does: This program animates (not just "draws," but "animates") graphs of several relations, the hypotrochoid, the hypocycloid, the limacon (or "limacon of Pascal"; Sage doesn't like the French character in the original), the cardioid, the epitrochoid, and the epicycloid. The parametric equations that define a hypotrochoid follow; the parameter

  is *t*; for hypotrochoid we have R, r, d > 0, R > r > 0:

 x-coordinate: x = (R - r)*cos(t) + d*cos(((R - r)/r)*t)                       
 y-coordinate: y = (R - r)*sin(t) - d*sin(((R - r)/r)*t)                       

• For a epitrochoid, the equations are:

 x = (R + r)*cos(t) - d*cos(((R + r)/r)*t)                                                          
 y = (R + r)*sin(t) - d*sin(((R + r)/r)*t)                                     

• The parametric equations are important in computing the period of the relation (below). These parametric equations live all over the Internet; Wikipedia has:

  • * for the hypochotroid: < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotrochoid >.

  See also < http://linuxgazette.net/133/luana.html >

  • * For the epitrochoid, see < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitrochoid >.

  • * For the Limacon (Sage completely choked and spewed error messages on the
  French character in the original, even in a comment) of Pascal, see

  < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima%C3%A7on >.

  • * For the cardioid, see < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardioid >.

  • * For the epitrochoid, see < < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitrochoid >

  • * For the hypocycloid, see < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocycloid >

  • * For the Deltoid Curve, see < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltoid_curve >.

  A few further comments: Some curves of the "roulette" family (see

  < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette_%28curve%29 > may be easily animated with this program, as follows: 1) The epitrochoid (use the negative of "small" radius *r*, easy, puts

  • rotating circle on the outside.

  2) The hypocycloid, by setting 0 < r < R, d = r. 3) The limacon (or "limacon of Pascal"; Sage doesn't like the French

  • character in the original), use r < 0, R = abs(r).

  4) The epicycloid, use r < 0 (put rotating circle on outside), d = r

  5) The cardioid, r < 0 d = r

To draw different graphs, vary that parameters *R* (fixed circle's radius), *r* (rotating circle's radius), and *d* (length of "bar" from rotating circle), below; other parameters may be tweaked at will.

Of some note, the *epitrochoid* is the "epicycle" curve of Ptolemaic system astronomy; one project is to animate some of the Ptolemaic system, but this is for the future.

Program commences:

#*****************************************************************************
#       Copyright (C) 2007 Dean Moore < dino@boulder.net >
#
#  Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL)
#                  http://www.gnu.org/licenses/
#*****************************************************************************
# Parameters that define the image:

R = 5   # Fixed circle's radius.
r = 3   # Rotating circle's radius, rotates about fixed circle's radius; make
        # this negative to place rotating circle on outside.
d = 5   # Length of the "bar" extending from the center of the rotating circle.

step = 0.025    # Size of "step" in below loops; the smaller the step, the more
                # "frames" in the final "movie" & the better the image, but the
                # slower the program runs -- and the more bytes to the image.

figuresize = 4  # A constant, regulates size of final picture

delayBetweenImages = 0 # A constant, delay between images in final "movie."

colorOfFixedCircle    = (0, 0, 1) # Colors of final image,
colorOfRotatingCircle = (0, 1, 0) # all described by
colorOfCenterPoint    = (0, 0, 0) # names.
colorOfBar            = (0, 0, 0)
colorOfCurve          = (1, 0, 0)

thicknessOfFixedCircle            =  1   # Thickness of "fixed" circle that never moves.
thicknessOfRotatingCircle         =  1   # Thickness of circle that rotates.
thicknessOfCenterOfRotatingCircle = 15   # Size of small circle's center.
thicknessOfBar                    =  1   # Thickness of "bar" from rotating circle.
penSize                           = 10   # Size of "pen" at end of the "bar."
thicknessOfCurve                  =  0.5 # Thickness of final curve, really a lot of line segments.

# End of parameters user can realistically vary.

origin = (0, 0) # Maybe irrelevant, but NO MAGIC NUMBERS!!  See
                # < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(programming) >.
                # Comes from my days as a C/C++ programmer.

# Graphic parameters, defined here:

L = Graphics() # Graphics for the curve -- really a lot of segments of straight
               # lines.  If the image looks choppy, drop variable *step* above.

v = []         # Holds the curve from *L*, later converted to variable *curve*.

# More parameters, all of which are defined by earlier parameters:

rDiff = (R-r)              # The rotating circle may exceed fixed circle;
                           # values may be negative, so we may have a
                           # negative value.  We use this so much, we give
                           # it a name.

sizeOfGraph = max(R, abs(r) + abs(d), abs(R) - (r) + abs(d)) # Big as it can get -- may be
                                                             # a liberal estimate.

circle2PI = (abs(rDiff)/r).denom() # Number of rotations about 2*pi.  It
                                   # takes a bit of thought, but see the above
                                   # parametric equations.  An example is best:
                                   # picture R=8, r=6.  We have
                                   # (rDiff)/r = (8-6)/6 = 2/6 = 1/3, reduced. For
                                   # the argument *((rDiff)/r)t* to get back to 2*pi
                                   # (i.e., zero) in cos(((R - r)/r)t) & sin(((R - r)/r)t),
                                   # we need to go 2*(3*pi).  A pen & paper & some
                                   # scribbling makes this easy, be it this not
                                   # clear.  The *abs* is probably irrelevant.

limit =  ceil(2*circle2PI/step)    # Loop about circle this many times, by *step*.
                                   # Parameter *circle2PI* never is again used.  Factor
                                   # of 2 is unavoidable, circle 2*pi; see below loops.

First: I use the same trig functions, over an over again. Why re-invent the wheel & waste computer time? Put the needed trig functions in arrays & "recycle" them as needed.

sin1 = [ 0 for i in range(limit) ] # First
sin2 = [ 0 for i in range(limit) ] # define
cos1 = [ 0 for i in range(limit) ] # arrays, ...
cos2 = [ 0 for i in range(limit) ]

increment = 0 # Adding a bunch of numbers is more efficient than multiplying
              # *i*pi*step, but it is a trivial difference.

multiplier = pi*rDiff/r # Efficiency!  Don't repeat the same math
                        # countless times.

for i in srange(limit): # Note above definition of parameter *limit*, the
                        # factor of 2, and the below trig functions.  All
                        # this program's loops go *limit*.

    sin1[i] = sin(increment*pi)         # Now fill
    cos1[i] = cos(increment*pi)         # arrays
    sin2[i] = sin(increment*multiplier) # with our trig
    cos2[i] = cos(increment*multiplier) # functions.

    increment += step                   # End *i*-loop.

The next are described by names, but a few notes:

• * The parameter *fixedCircle* is merely a circle of radius *R* centered at the origin.

I animated it, as that makes it appear in all frames. It never moves.

• * The parameter *rotatingCircle* is more computation-intense. It's center is on the

circle at *rDiff* from the edge of the fixed circle; its radius is *r*, and it rotates about the fixed circle a total of *circle2PI* times. Find any internet reference on these curves to see it.

• * The parameter *centerPoints* is solely to make the rotating circle look nicer,

a clear center.

• * The parameter *bar* is the "bar" extending from the center of the rotating circle,

that follows its rotation around the fixed circle. It always emanates from the same center as *fixedCircle*, -- see *fixedCircle* documentation, above -- and its terminal point comes from the parametric equation of a hypotrochoid (top).

• * The parameter *pointAtPen* makes a point where the end of the bar draws the figure,

of the same color as the final curve. Note it is at the same point as the terminal point of the "bar."

fixedCircle     = animate([circle(origin, R,          # Centered at origin, radius *R*.
                           rgbcolor=colorOfFixedCircle,
                           thickness = thicknessOfFixedCircle)
                           for i in srange(limit)            # Animating loop.
                          ],
                           xmin=-sizeOfGraph, ymin=-sizeOfGraph,
                           xmax= sizeOfGraph, ymax= sizeOfGraph,
                           figsize=[figuresize, figuresize])

rotatingCircle  = animate([circle((rDiff*cos1[i],rDiff*sin1[i]), r, # Note center, radius *r*
                           thickness = thicknessOfRotatingCircle,
                           rgbcolor=colorOfRotatingCircle)
                           for i in srange(limit)        # Animating loop
                          ],
                           xmin=-sizeOfGraph, ymin=-sizeOfGraph,
                           xmax= sizeOfGraph, ymax= sizeOfGraph,
                           figsize=[figuresize,figuresize])

centerPoints    = animate([point((rDiff*cos1[i],rDiff*sin1[i]), # Center of *fixedCircle*.
                           rgbcolor=colorOfCenterPoint,
                           pointsize=thicknessOfCenterOfRotatingCircle)
                           for i in srange(limit)                      # Animating loop
                          ],
                           xmin=-sizeOfGraph, ymin=-sizeOfGraph,
                           xmax= sizeOfGraph, ymax= sizeOfGraph,
                           figsize=[figuresize,figuresize])

bar             = animate(line([(rDiff*cos1[i], rDiff*sin1[i]), # Starts here, and ...
                                (d*cos2[i] + rDiff*cos1[i],     # Ends at
                                  rDiff*sin1[i] - d*sin2[i])    # this point.
                               ],
                           thickness = thicknessOfBar,
                           rgbcolor=colorOfBar)
                           for i in srange(limit))               # Animating loop

pointAtPen      = animate([point((d*cos2[i]+rDiff*cos1[i],     # End of pen, same x & y
                                 (rDiff)*sin1[i] - d*sin2[i]), # coordinates as endpoints of *bar*
                           rgbcolor=colorOfCurve, 
                           pointsize=penSize)
                           for i in srange(limit)                   # Animating loop
                           ],
                           xmin=-sizeOfGraph, ymin=-sizeOfGraph,
                           xmax= sizeOfGraph, ymax= sizeOfGraph,
                           figsize=[figuresize,figuresize])

# Prepare to draw the curve; we use four "important" variables: x0, x1, y0 & y1;
# the line segment goes from (x0, y0) to (x1, y1):

x0 = rDiff + d     # Initial values of these variables; bumped up at bottom
                   # of next loop -- see a graph or look at parametric equations
                   # at zero to understand why it has this value.

y0 = 0             # The "pen" out the small circle starts at this (x0, y0).

# Now to compute the curve, in the next loop.  Starts at zero, even if
# this seems to make the first a junk computation; otherwise the output
# looks weird:

for i in srange(limit): # Parameter *circle2PI* is number of times we rotate
                        # the "fixed" circle; limit=2*circle2PI; see above
                        # documentation.

    x1 = rDiff*cos1[i] + d*cos2[i]   # Initial, starting point of
                                    # the line; see parametric
                                    # equations.

    y1 = rDiff*sin1[i] - d*sin2[i] # Again, see the parametric
                                  # equation at top.
    # Now make the line:

    L += line([(x0, y0),(x1, y1)], rgbcolor = colorOfCurve , thickness=thicknessOfCurve)

    L.xmin(-sizeOfGraph)  # Some nonsense
    L.ymin(-sizeOfGraph)  # that needs done.
    L.xmax( sizeOfGraph)
    L.ymax( sizeOfGraph)

    x0 = x1 # Bump up these variables, start of
    y0 = y1 # next line segment is end of last.

    v.append(L) # *** End of loop ***
               # Stash curve *L* in the variable *v*.

curve = animate(v) # Animate the curve, and ...

# Show the entire "movie":

(fixedCircle + rotatingCircle + pointAtPen + bar + centerPoints + curve).show(delay=delayBetweenImages)

We've shown the final image; done with program.

• I know this is early, but thanks to Robert Bradshaw's p-adic plot function, here is a p-adic Seasons Greetings:

This is the code:

sage: P1 = Zp(3).plot(rgbcolor=(0,1,0))
sage: P2 = Zp(7).plot(rgbcolor=(1,0,0))
sage: P3 = text("$Seasons$ $Greetings$ ",(0.0,1.8))
sage: P4 = text("$from$ $everyone$ $at$ sagemath.org!",(0.1,-1.6))
sage: (P1+P2+P3+P4).show(axes=False)

• Lorentz butterfly:

"""
Draws Loretz butterfly using matplotlib (2d) or jmol (3d).
Written by Matthew Miller and William Stein.

"""

def butterfly2d():
    """"
    EXAMPLE:
        sage: butterfly2d()
    """    
    g = Graphics()
    x1, y1 = 0, 0
    from math import sin, cos, exp, pi
    for theta in srange( 0, 10*pi, 0.01 ):
        r = exp(cos(theta)) - 2*cos(4*theta) + sin(theta/12)^5
        x = r * cos(theta)  # Convert polar to rectangular coordinates
        y = r * sin(theta)
        xx = x*6 + 25       # Scale factors to enlarge and center the curve.
        yy = y*6 + 25
        if theta != 0: 
            l = line( [(x1, y1), (xx, yy)], rgbcolor=hue(theta/7 + 4) )
            g = g + l
            x1, y1 = xx, yy
    g.show(dpi=100, axes=False)

def butterfly3d():
    """"
    EXAMPLE:
        sage: butterfly3d()
    """    
    g = point3d((0,0,0))
    x1, y1 = 0, 0
    from math import sin, cos, exp, pi
    for theta in srange( 0, 10*pi, 0.05):
        r = exp(cos(theta)) - 2*cos(4*theta) + sin(theta/12)^5
        x = r * cos(theta)  # Convert polar to rectangular coordinates
        y = r * sin(theta)
        xx = x*6 + 25       # Scale factors to enlarge and center the curve.
        yy = y*6 + 25
        if theta != 0:
            l = line3d( [(x1, y1, theta), (xx, yy, theta)],
            rgbcolor=hue(theta/7 + 4) )
            g = g + l
            x1, y1 = xx, yy
    g.show(dpi=100, axes=False)

• "three famous plots of chaos" by Pablo Angulo

# Author: Pablo Angulo

Posted to sage-devel 2008-09-13. See also https://sage.math.washington.edu:8101/home/pub/3
-----------------------------------

#Plots Feigenbaum diagram: divides the parameter interval [2,4] for mu
#into N steps. For each value of the parameter, iterate the discrete
#dynamical system x->mu*x*(1-x), drop the first M1 points in the orbit
#and plot the next M2 points in a (mu,x) diagram

N=200
M1=200
M2=200
x0=0.509434

puntos=[]
for t in range(N):
   mu=2.0+2.0*t/N
   x=x0
   for i in range(M1):
       x=mu*x*(1-x)
   for i in range(M2):
       x=mu*x*(1-x)
       puntos.append((mu,x))
point(puntos,pointsize=1)

---------------------------------------
#Lorentz attractor
#plots the orbit of the point (1,1,1) using the simplest euler method

h=0.01;         # time step
k=2000          # number of iterations (time k*h will be reached)

sigma=10;       #parameters
rho=28;
beta=8/3;

x=1; y=1; z=1;              # initial data

puntos=[]
for i in range(k):
   x,y,z=x+h*( sigma*(y-x) ), y+h*( x*(rho - z) - y ), z+h*( x*y - beta*z )
   puntos.append((x,y,z))
point3d(puntos)

--------------------------------------------

#Mandelbrot set: the final plot is a subset of the complex plane;
#the color at point c is porportional to the number of iterations that
#the discrete dynamical system z->z^2+c takes to leave a circle around
#the origin when z0=0

N=100        #resolution of the plot
L=50        #limits the number of iterations
x0=-2; x1=1; y0=-1.5; y1=1.5  #boundary of the region plotted
R=3        #stop after leaving the circle of radius R

m=matrix(N,N)
for i in range(N):
   for k in range(N):
       c=complex(x0+i*(x1-x0)/N, y0+k*(y1-y0)/N)
       z=0
       h=0
       while (h<L) and (abs(z)<R):
           z=z*z+c
           h+=1
       m[i,k]=h
matrix_plot(m)

• This was a black+white Sierpinski triangle coded by Marshall Hampton, with some slight tweeking by David Joyner to add colors:

def sierpinski_seasons_greetings():
    """
    Code by Marshall Hampton.
    Colors by David Joyner.
    General depth by Rob Beezer.
    Copyright Marshall Hampton 2008, licensed
    creative commons, attribution share-alike.
    """
    depth = 7
    nsq = RR(3^(1/2))/2.0
    tlist_old = [[[-1/2.0,0.0],[1/2.0,0.0],[0.0,nsq]]]
    tlist_new = [x for x in tlist_old]
    for ind in range(depth):
       for tri in tlist_old:
           for p in tri:
               new_tri = [[(p[0]+x[0])/2.0, (p[1]+x[1])/2.0] for x in tri]
               tlist_new.append(new_tri)
       tlist_old = [x for x in tlist_new]
    T = tlist_old
    N  = 4^depth
    N1 = N - 3^depth
    q1 = sum([line(T[i]+[T[i][0]], rgbcolor = (0,1,0)) for i in range(N1)])
    q2 = sum([line(T[i]+[T[i][0]], rgbcolor = (1,0,0)) for i in range(N1,N)])
    show(q2+q1, figsize = [6,6*nsq], axes = False)

GIMP was used to add a Season's greetings message:

Also (thanks to Rob Beezer) available in poster form in pdf format: http://sage.math.washington.edu/home/wdj/art/seasons-greetings-sage.pdf, and in A4 size: http://sage.math.washington.edu/home/wdj/art/seasons-greetings-sage-a4.pdf.